What is Paternity Index?

PATERNITY INDICES
DNA (alleles) from the mother, child, and alleged father are extracted, amplified, and identified. A series of mathematical calculations are then used to either completely exonerate an accused man or provide an estimate of probability of his paternity (POP).


Genetic Markers

Half of a child's genetic material (alleles) come from the mother, while the other half is contributed by the father. A series of genetic systems (loci) are analyzed in an attempt to ascertain the biological father of a child. Each genetic system in a person has two allele, these alleles are numerically labeled. In paternity testing, the alleles from the child are compared to those of the "parents" to determine if it is possible for either or both parents to have contributed the particular alleles present in the child. For instance, assume that a child has a 10 and 11 allele for a particular genetic system and the child's mother is known to possess a 10 and a 12 allele for this system. The mother must have contributed the 10 allele and the 11 allele must be paternal. In this example, any man who does not possess an 11 allele could not be the child's father (barring the possibility of mutation that converts one allele to another - something that is unlikely but can be taken into consideration if needed). In the event that a man is not excluded, the likelihood that a randomly chosen man might also be able to provide the allele in question to the child can be determined by examining the allelic frequencies from a relevant population database.


Paternity Index

The paternity index (PI) compares the likelihood that a genetic marker (allele) that the alleged father (AF) passed to the child to the probability that a randomly selected unrelated man of similar ethnic background could pass the allele to the child. This is presented in the formula X/Y, where X is the chance that the AF could transmit the obligate allele and Y is the chance that some other man of the same race could have transmitted the allele. X is assigned the value of 1 if the AF is homozygous for the allele of interest and 0.5 if the AF is heterozygous. The potential of a randomly selected man to pass the obligate gene is determined by using a database which lists the frequency distribution of individual alleles within a given genetic system.


Combined Paternity Index

The combined paternity index (CPI) is determined by multiplying the individual PIs for each locus tested. The CPI is an odds ratio that indicates how many times more likely it is that the alleged father is the biological father than a randomly selected unrelated man of similar ethnic background. The CPI is based solely on genetic evidence.


Probability of Paternity

To convert the genetic evidence to a probability of paternity (POP) it is necessary to use the Baysian theorem. This is a formula that tests the hypothesis that the accused is the biological father of the child. For example, a POP of 99% reflects a 99% probability that the hypothesis is correct and a 1% probability that it is not. The CPI is used in the Bayes formula along with another variable called a prior probability (PP). This variable represents the social evidence. Testing labs typically use a value of 0.5 for the PP assuming this is a neutral, unbiased value. The Baysian formula is CPI / CPI + (1 - PP) x 100.

Supreme Court Judgments On DNA Paternity Test

There are increasing cases of Indian women sleeping around and foisting the results on their clueless hubbies. Here are some judgments that will help in settling the issue of paternity. The SC initially took a conservative view on paternity tests, but in 2003, it finally agrees to allowing DNA tests as part of the evidence. The first case concerns the issue of inheritance.

Here are the judgments:

http://www.judis.nic.in/chennai/qrydisp.asp?tfnm=9030 (Chennai HC allows DNA Test)
http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/qrydisp.aspx?filename=27389

SC Rejects DNA Test – Poshi Ram Case 2001

Paternity Test Shocker

Akon confirms paternity of sixth child

Monday, July 20 2009, 21:42 BST

Akon has confirmed speculation that he has welcomed his sixth child, after a paternity test revealed that he had fathered a baby boy while on tour.

The 'Right Now (Na Na Na)' star is understood to have discovered the results of the test last month. The 6-month-old baby is the result of his relationship with a woman that he met while on tour in Uganda.

Speaking to New York Daily News, he said: "I think kids are a blessing. [To set the record straight], I never ran away from my responsibilities and I never plan to. Everything I am doing now is for [my other five kids] anyway, so the more kids I can have, the better.

"I just love them... [This one] is a boy and he's handsome as hell!"

The mother of his youngest child is Susan Owori, the sister of Kampala fashion designer Sylvie. Akon, real name Aliaune Thiam, previously told Blender that he had five children by three different women.

http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/a166325/akon-confirms-paternity-of-sixth-child.html

Eastern Biotech To Launch Paternity Testing Services In India

Location : International » International

Posted on : 30-Jan-2009

Eastern Biotech & Life Sciences, Middle East based a leading Biotech Company about to start their India operation for in order to expand Paternity Testing Services. Presently Eastern Biotech is offering various DNA testing services including DNA Paternity Testing, DNA Relationship Testing and DNA Forensic services.

Initially operation will start from Bangalore with fully trained staff to provide all the necessary information to clients, prior to obtain the test, including all the procedures required to order the Paternity Test, to collect their DNA sample and send everything back to the company. The company is launching dedicated website specifically to cater for clients based in India. The site will contain complete information which will include procedure, pricing, sample analysis procedure and test centre details. Client will be able to order online and can request sample collection kit free of charge.

Pankaj Sohaney, Manager, Marketing and Business Development said “We are getting more number of enquiries from India compare to any other Middle Eastern Country. It is a huge task to cover large demographic country like India but it’s very interesting and challenging. Our team will work hard to provide the best customer service in all areas.”

Eastern Biotech will also establish various test centres in major cities for sample collection.

About:
Eastern Biotech & Life Sciences based at DuBiotech, Dubai, is the first company in the Middle East to offer comprehensive genetic testing services. They have carefully examined the biotechnological horizon to identify the genetic tests most relevant to this region and offer them directly to the people of the Middle East. Presently these services are being offered in collaboration with DNA Solutions.

Related to : Paternity, DNA, Genetics, Eastern Biotech

Contact : Pankaj
Mobile : 9714369206 [Send Free SMS]
Address : Dubai
website : http://www.easternbiotech.com

MJ's dermatologist ready for DNA test to end paternity rumours

New York | July 10, 2009 1:19:07 PM IST


Late Michael Jackson's dermatologist says he's ready to take a DNA test to end the speculation that he may be the biological father of King of Pop's two elder kids Prince and Paris.

In an interview to CNN's Larry King, dermatologist Arnold Klein said that he's willing to submit to a DNA test to end paternity rumours.

"If they want me to take a DNA test, they can have my DNA," the New York Daily News quoted him as saying.

"I don't care at this point," he added.

However, Klein said that he couldn't be absolutely certain because he once donated sperm to a bank.

http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/Entertainment/20090710/1292199.html

Scientists develop faster, more cost-effective DNA test for crime scenes

Scientists in Japan are reporting development of a faster, less expensive version of the fabled polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which is a DNA test widely used in criminal investigations, disease diagnosis, biological research and other applications.

Washington, July 9 : Scientists in Japan are reporting development of a faster, less expensive version of the fabled polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which is a DNA test widely used in criminal investigations, disease diagnosis, biological research and other applications.

According to the researchers, the new method could lead to expanded use of PCR in medicine, the criminal justice system and elsewhere.

In the new study, scientist Naohiro Noda and his team note that PCR works by "amplifying" previously undetectable traces of DNA almost like photocopiers produce multiple copies of documents.

With PCR, crime scene investigators can change traces of DNA into amounts that can be identified and linked to a suspect.

Biologists can produce multiple copies of individual genes to study gene function, evolution, and other topics.

Doctors can amplify the DNA from microbes in a patient's blood to diagnose an infection.

Current PCR methods, however, are too expensive and cumbersome for wide use.

The scientists describe development and testing of a new PCR method, called the universal QProbe system, which overcomes these problems.

Existing PCR processes require several "fluorescent probes" to seek out DNA.

QProbe substitutes a single "fluorescent probe" that can detect virtually any target, saving time and cutting costs.

The new method also is more specific, accurately detecting DNA even in the presence of unfavorable PCR products in the samples that may interfere with quantification results.

Beauty Is In My DNA, Says Kareena

Ace Bollywood beauty Kareena Kapoor has disclosed the secret behind her attractive skin.

And believe that her gorgeousness has nothing to do with regular trips to a beauty parlour.

The actress said, “For me its lots of water and as less make up as possible. Apart from that I think my parents have given it, it's in my DNA. God has been very kind.”

Bebo, who is the brand ambassador of Anne French, disclosed all her beauty secrets during the launch of Wyeth Consumer Healthcare's Anne French roll-on at Taj Land's End in Mumbai.

At the launch function, Saif’s girlfriend was looking perfectly poised as ever as she arrived at the event wearing long blue kaftan style dress with a flower detail.

"I think it's a spectacular day and spectacular event, as they are launching something very special, which is Anne French Roll on. I think it has taken convenience to another level. You just have to roll on and you have beautiful skin," she said.

Online paternity test

A website offering fast turnaround paternity tests has been launched in the UK.

The new service cuts the wait for results from three weeks to just three days.

Instead of blood tests, it analyses a few hairs from man and child.

The service makes use of technology developed from the Human Genome Project.

Controversially, web site also gives men the chance to test for paternity without the knowledge of the woman or her child.

The new site is part of an Australian company called DNA Solutions.

Customers can fill out a form online, send samples of their and the child's hairs in the post, and have the results e-mailed or posted back within a few days.

The service costs between £195 and £240 and tests are claimed to have an accuracy rate of "above 99.99%".

'Faster and cheaper'

A spokesman for the company said: "It is a much faster and cheaper service and because it only requires a few hairs rather than the need for blood samples, it is much less stressful for everyone.


There is nothing illegal about the web site

Department of Health

"It also means the courts do not have to become involved."

A spokeswoman for the Department of Health said: "There is nothing illegal about the web site.

"We are aware of concerns raised by advances in DNA testing and we are in the process of drawing up a voluntary code of practice on the way companies work."

The code is expected to be completed by the end of the year.

Around 15,000 DNA paternity tests are carried out each year in the UK, mainly for the courts or the Child Support Agency.

To establish who is the father, judges have ordered blood tests which have been conducted by doctors.

About that paternity test…I’ve got good news and I’ve got bad news

When Mia Washington and her boyfriend James Harrison ran a paternity test on her eleven-month-old twins, they got a result that made news at home and abroad. Harrison was the father – of only one twin. The other dad? His identity has not been released. Washington told Fox News: “Of all the people in America and of all the people in the world, it had to happen to me. I’m very shocked.”

How rare is this? To no one’s surprise, there isn’t a lot of research on this subject (Can you imagine doing the informed consents for that study?). However, estimates suggest that as many as 12% of all fraternal twins are conceived in two separate acts of coitus, a phenomenon common enough to have its own six-syllable name: superfecundation. Parenthetically, this raises an interesting question: how many genetic counselors routinely consider the possibility that twins may differ by days or even a week in their gestational age?

And if mommy is spreading the love, there is no guarantee that the resulting children won’t have different fathers (“heteropaternal superfecundation”). In fact, a review of one database of paternity test results revealed bi-paternity in three cases, or 2.4% of all fraternal twins tested. You have to assume a major ascertainment bias in a population doing paternity testing, so it is hard to know how to generalize those numbers. One study suggests that of all naturally conceived fraternal twins born to “married, white women in America,” one in 400 sets are bi-paternal. The author adds that the number may be higher in certain populations, “like prostitutes”. Going out on a limb there, buddy.

Bi-paternity may be news but it is a pretty safe bet it isn’t new. As shocking as it is to the rest of the world, to genetic counselors it has a familiar ring to it – another cautionary tale about how treacherous it is to make assumptions about paternity. But there is a more ancient angle to this story as well; more on that in my next post.

'My baby boy was swapped for a girl'

Sumitra Deb Roy & Jyoti Shelar / DNAFriday, April 17, 2009 3:03 IST Email

Mumbai: A civic-run hospital has again got embroiled in a baby-swap controversy. A fruit vendor, Mohammed Sartaj, 36, has alleged that a baby boy born to his wife, Reshma Bano, was swapped for a girl at a maternity home run by the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) in Oshiwara on Wednesday evening.

However, doctors who performed the caesarean section on Reshma, maintain that she had delivered a girl child.

This is not the first such case at a civic hospital. In December 2007, Sheela Jaiswal, 30, had alleged that her boy was swapped for a girl by the doctor at BMC-run Sion Hospital's urban health centre in Dharavi. The couple also refused to accept the DNA test that established that the girl belonged to them.

In January this year, Mohan and Mohini Nerurkar dragged Sion Hospital to court after their baby boy was stolen from the hospital.

When Mohammed Sartaaz, 36, first saw his baby on Wednesday, wrapped in towel in the arms of a ward boy of the BMC-run Oshiwara Maternity Home, he was delighted. It was a boy.

Just half an hour later, Sartaaz's happiness turned into anguish. Two female doctors, who performed the Caesarean on his wife, Reshma Bano, 26, handed him a piece of paper. It said that the new-born was a girl.

"It was a boy. I saw it with my own eyes," Sartaaz said on Thursday. "I immediately dialled 100 and sought police help." The couple, having had two daughters, was keen on a boy.

The Oshiwara Maternity Home authorities maintained that Reshma gave birth to a
girl, but ordered an internal inquiry too. The ward boy, Salauddin Sheikh, who, Sartaaz claimed, took money for showing him the baby, denied that he had brought the new-born out to its father.

Sartaaz, a fruit vendor, admitted Reshma to the hospital on Wednesday evening after her labour pain started. She was wheeled into the operation theatre for a Caesarean section around 5 pm. Prior to that, Sartaaz reportedly had an argument with the doctors, insisting that they should try to deliver the baby normally.

"Around 6 pm, one of the ward boys came out of the operation theatre, holding my baby," said Sartaaz. "He unwrapped the towel and showed me that it was a boy child."

Reshma too said that soon after operation she was told by the doctors that it was a baby boy. "They also asked me whether I wanted to undergo sterilisation. I told them to seek my husband's permission," she said. "I was not fully conscious, but could feel that the doctors were tensed. When I fully regained my senses, I was handed over a girl child. I was shocked."

Despite the couple's claim that it was not their daughter, Bano breastfed the newborn on Wednesday night.

Medical superintendent of Cooper Hospital Dr SS Gawde, who is also the in-charge of the maternity home, said that an internal inquiry had been ordered. "Our records suggest that she delivered a girl child," he said. "There was only one C section on Wednesday evening, so there was no scope of any mismanagement."

DNA test to be done

CHENNAI: The State Government has decided to go ahead with the DNA test to establish parentage of two babies born on Thursday at Rajah Sir Ramasami Mudaliar Hospital in Royapuram.

The decision follows refusal of the families of the babies to accept that there was a mistake in tagging the mothers though the hospital had correctly recorded the birth of the children in its registers.

On Thursday, Farida Begum of Washermenpet and Kamakshi Elangovan of Red Hills gave birth to a boy and a girl respectively within a gap of 20 minutes . A mix-up in tagging the mother (the numbers were 445 and 455), resulted in the boy being given to Kamakshi and the girl to Farida.

Realising their mistake, the hospital staff tried to return the babies to their biological mothers.

Kamakshi’s family refused to accept the child stating that the hospital had first given her the boy. Mediation by the hospital dean, Mythili Bhaskaran, did not help. The hospital authorities pointed out that the only way to settle the dispute would be DNA test.

On Sunday, Director of Medical Education, T.P. Kalaniti, told The Hindu that the decision to do the DNA test had been taken following a police complaint.

According to Deputy Commissioner of Police (Washermenpet) Kamini the complaint has been filed by the Resident Medical Officer of the hospital. Security has been beefed up at the hospital.

On possible action against the erring staff, Dr.Kalaniti: “We want to first resolve the issue and then take action.

It was an inadvertent mistake. Even if it was a lower level staff who made the mistake, the responsibility lies with the supervisor to ensure that it is set right,” he said.

Four arrested in baby-swap, DNA tests in another case

HYDERABAD, MAY 13: A day after the baby-swapping drama ended on a happy note with handing over of the baby boy to his mother, police today arrested four persons, including three employees of the government maternity hospital, for their alleged involvement in the case.

Three staff members of Nayapul Maternity Hospital — Surendra Raju, Suryakala and Vijaya Mary — and Shaik Naseer, husband of Mahmooda Begum from whom the boy was recovered, were taken into custody by the CID sleuths, police said.

The accused were arrested under various sections of the IPC on charges of cheating, alteration of documents and causing injury, they said.

The four were later produced in a local court which remanded them to two-weeks’ judicial custody.

In a second suspected child-swap case in Karimnagar district of Andhra Pradesh, a court today gave permission to police to bring the couple, who lodged a complaint of swapping of their baby boy, for DNA test here.

According to a report from Karimnagar, J. Rajeshwari (20) and her husband Rajaiah had complained to Godavarikhani police station on Saturday alleging that their baby boy was swapped for a baby girl at a private hospital.

Police had approached Godavarikhani court which issued the order for the couple’s DNA test.

The girl, born on May 6, was referred to Niloufer Hospital here after she was found sick and her condition is stable, police said adding, her blood samples would also be brought here for DNA test today.

The couple is expected here by this evening for the test, Godavarikhani police inspector Surender Reddy said.

Keanu Reeves fathered my child'

IANS
First Published : 08 Jul 2009 08:35:16 AM IST
Last Updated : 08 Jul 2009 09:47:02 AM IST

TORONTO: A Canadian woman has demanded millions in child and spousal support from Hollywood star Keanu Reeves for allegedly fathering one of her children. Forty-six-year-old Karen Sala, who lives in Barrie near here, appeared in a family court Monday to demand that the star of The Matrix and Speed give her $3 million in spousal support, $150,000 per month in child support since 1988 and undergo paternity tests for fathering one of her four children.

All her children are now between the ages of 20 and 25. Forty-four-year-old Reeves lived in Toronto in the 1980s before moving to Hollywood. In her court documents, the Canadian woman said she knew him when he was just nine years old.

She said she had sexual relations with the film star during her troubled marriage and that Reeves may have fathered one of her children. The woman said in papers that "I have been through hell and back. The kids have been hell and back." She failed to specify why she didn't file support claim when the children were minors. However, Lorne Wolfson, the Canadian lawyer for the Hollywood star, dismissed the woman's claim as "totally frivolous." The lawyer said, "Mr Reeves' position is that the claims are totally frivolous, that he never had an intimate relationship with Ms. Sala, that the children are not his children. "This case should be dismissed at the earliest opportunity." The next hearing is set for August 20.

DNA Tests Confirm Child Swap in Najran Hospital

Arab News

NAJRAN, 4 November 2007 — Results of DNA tests have confirmed that a four-year-old boy that was brought up by a Saudi family in Najran was swapped at birth in hospital with a Saudi baby and is the biological son of a Turkish expatriate couple, Al-Watan newspaper reported yesterday.

Two boys, Yaqub and Ali, were mistakenly switched at birth at the King Khaled Hospital in Najran after being born around the same time on Sept. 7, 2003. Each family raised the wrong child for four years.

Yusuf Jawed, 37, was confident that the child raised by the Saudi family (called Ali) was his son even before DNA results were released.

“What had really worried me was to possibly find the Saudi child we raised not to be the biological child of the Saudi family, who raised our son. That would have complicated the situation further,” he said.

Yusuf, who used to own a workshop in Najran and has since moved back to Turkey, said that as much as his wife is happy at being reunited with her biological son, she is grieving the departure of Yaqub, whom she raised and loved like her own for four years.

“She keeps crying from time to time. She’s very worried about his future, because he doesn’t know Arabic. He only speaks Turkish and she’s worried about how he’s going to cope with his family,” said Yusuf, adding that he wishes to keep in contact with the Saudi family that raised his son.

Al-Watan said DNA test results released by the Bureau of Criminal Identification would be shown to Prince Mishaal ibn Abdul Aziz, governor of the Najran province, to complete the procedure of handing over the children to their biological parents.

In a previous report, Yusuf said, “When I first saw Yaqub, I felt he wasn’t my son. There was a very serious feeling growing inside me. I contacted the hospital several times and I met a number of officials there, but they didn’t take my suspicions seriously. One of them told me to fear God and asked how I could think such a thing,” said Yusuf.

On returning to Turkey, Yusuf and his wife underwent DNA tests, which confirmed that Yaqub was not the couple’s biological child.

The couple then decided to return to Saudi Arabia to search for their real son. They lodged a complaint at the Ministry of Health, which in turn ordered another DNA test that proved that Yaqub was not their son.

The Interior Ministry together with the Health Ministry assigned a team to search for the Jawed family’s biological child in Najran. After sometime, it was found out that a boy with Turkish features was living with a Saudi family. The family was then ordered to undergo a DNA test, the results of which were recently released.

The Saudi father, who asked his name not be published, told Al-Watan previously that his family too was going through an emotional crisis.

Mandatory Paternity Tests Before Birth Certificates Issued

NASHVILLE, Tenn. - State Rep. G. A. Hardaway is backing a bill requiring a paternity test performed on all babies before their fathers' names are listed on birth certificates.

"They'll bring tears to your eyes," said the Memphis Democrat.

Hardaway said personal pleas for help in his district prompted him to sponsor what could be called the "paternity proposal" in the Tennessee Legislature.

His proposal would affect single adults as well as married couples.

"Well, at some point society has to weigh the rights of the parents against the rights of the child," he said. "And I think this is one of the basic inherent rights that should go with the child."

Right now, it costs $7 to get a copy of a birth certificate. The proposed legislation would add $165 to the cost.

It's not just the price of paternity testing that upsets some people.

"I do not support a paternity bill," said state Rep. Sherry Jones, a Nashville Democrat. "I think it's a real affront to women to say that every baby born has to have a paternity test."

Rebecca Kopp agrees. She recently finished filling out the birth certificate paperwork for her three-month-old son.

"I think it's offensive because I am married," Kopp said. "Even for women who aren't married, if they want to get a birth certificate, I think that that should be their right. I don't think they should have to prove who the father is."

Hardaway contends it's every child's right to know their father. He said it's a struggle he sees everyday.

"Just because we have adults who want to live a lie, lie to each other, the child shouldn't suffer," he said. "The emotional trauma that children go thru when they finally realize that they've been living a lie, it's unforgivable."

The bill is in committee. Hardaway said he is working to change some of the language to help it survive.

Right now, if a woman has been married for 300 days before their baby was born, the husband's name automatically goes on the birth certificate. If a woman is not married and wants the father's name on the paperwork, she has to get a paternity test and have it notarized before the father's name is listed.

Shiney's DNA report confirms rape: Police

Headlines Today
New Delhi, June 29, 2009

The Mumbai Police on Monday claimed actor Shiney Ahuja's DNA test report had confirmed that he raped his 20-year-old domestic help.

According to the police, the DNA report supported the FIR filed in the case and the samples taken from the crime scene matched with Shiney’s.

Shiney was arrested after being accused by his domestic help of raping and intimidating her. She told the police the actor assaulted her when they were alone at his home.

Shiney's wife Anupam Ahuja has, however, said her husband was being framed.

Meanwhile, the actor's bail petition will come up for hearing on July 3.

Paternity Test - Combating Paternity Fraud

Paternity fraud is becoming a serious issue - but it's an area where paternity tests can help.

Paternity fraud isn't new, but it is becoming a super-charged issue as fathers are chased by child support organisations to provide for children when a marriage or partnership breaks up. A man who is identified as the father of one or more children is required to give up a proportion of his income to support them. If, at a later date, he discovers that one or more of these children are not his, what does he do?

Why a Paternity Test Can Help

At the first sign of doubt over paternity, it's worth getting a paternity test. A complete proof of paternity one way or another will help a court or a collections agency to decide how to deal with support payments for any children involved in a dispute. For some these paternity doubts come as soon as the child is born, or even when it is conceived, whilst for others several years can pass before the mother alleges that the children belong to another man.

Getting a paternity test as soon as possible will have several benefits including:

• Certain Knowledge - you will know whether or not you are the father of the child. A negative paternity test should mean that you no longer have to pay maintenance for the child, and you may even get an element of your previous payments refunded. A positive result enables you to be absolutely sure about your relationship to the child, so that you can participate fully in its welfare.

• Legally Accepted - even if you take your paternity test for peace of mind, it's worth using an accredited testing body. That's because only results from an accredited tester are admissible in court. Should you want to use the results of your paternity test as part of a legal argument, make sure you use an approved testing body, and use an independent medical professional to take your sample, or you may have to pay to be re-tested.

Paternity Test - Why Paternity Fraud Exists

A mother who claims you are the father of one or more of her children when you are not, is likely to be deliberately manipulating the system in order to claim financial support from both you and the state. This is clearly fraud, as you are being deceived into paying for children that are not yours. The system whereby fathers are required to support their children - a system which goes back to the 16th century - encourages mothers to do whatever they can in order to support their children. The big difference between paternity fraud and other fraud is the emotional tie-in that fathers have to their children. A paternity test is never just about the money; it is also about the relationship between father and child.

Paternity Test - Coping With Guilt

The increased popularity of the Paternity Test means that more men are having to face up to the guilt of not being there for their biological child.

If you have had a paternity test, it's as accurate an answer you will get - with 99.99% certainty. But for men who discover they have grown-up children they never knew about, it can be devastating emotionally. For some men, a positive paternity test triggers terrible feelings of guilt.

Paternity Test - Dealing with Guilt

Guilt can be the overriding emotion when you discover you have a grown-up child you never knew about. A paternity test could uncover children who were a result of an affair or liaison. And finding out later in life when they've already done their growing up can leave fathers feeling a sense of all-consuming guilt. This can be made worse if their offspring tell them of times in their childhood they were unhappy, felt let down or had something negative occur. The instinct for a father is to protect his offspring, and not being there for their children in their time of need can leave unresolved guilt. A paternity test may bring joy for some, but it can leave a minefield of emotions for others.

Paternity Test Uncovers the Truth

For some men who have their own family, they may feel it necessary to keep the paternity test results a secret. But keeping a grown-up child a secret from your family can simply increase the feelings of guilt - especially if that child was a result of an extra-marital affair. One recent story highlighted how easy it is for children to track down their true fathers. The father had an affair and impregnated his lover, she then married and the couple brought up the son as their own and had two more children. But during a blazing row with the boy's stepfather the truth came out. As a result the boy, then in his twenties, tracked down his father and had a paternity test.

Paternity Test - Psychological Fall Out

For the father, he felt nothing but guilt but feared the revelation would destroy his family so kept it under wraps. Initially, he was in complete denial but a paternity test meant he couldn't ignore the facts. He faced up to the shock after seeing a photo of his son and realised that even without a paternity test, he was clearly his. Now father and son meet occasionally in secret and in fear, and as well as guilt on the father's side, the son feels residual resentment. Clinical psychologists argue that anyone who discovers a biological relationship as a result of a paternity test should be honest and open about their expectations and emotions in order to build a healthy relationship. Keeping a paternity test secret and furtive can result in quite a lot of psychological damage for both parties.

Paternity Test – Celtic Star’s Fatherhood Mistake

According to a report in the Daily Record, a young Celtic football player mistakenly believed that he was the father of a woman’s child until a paternity test revealed the truth.

Young Celtic F.C football prodigy, Paul Caddis, 19, was tricked into believing that he was the father of a young girl’s baby but a paternity test proved this not to be the case when it turned out that he and the baby did not share the same DNA. So adamant was Leanne McIntosh, 18, that Caddis was the father of her child that he was even at her side for the child’s birth but the paternity test later revealed that the claims he was the father were erroneous.

Paternity Test – No Room for Error

When it comes to the sensitive issue of determining the paternity of a child, the need for accuracy is of paramount importance. With this in mind, a paternity test is the best means of achieving infallible results as it can prove with 100% accuracy if someone is not the father and with a 99.9% degree of certainty if the man in question is indeed the father. In the case of Celtic football star, Paul Caddis, he was informed by Leanne McIntosh that he had fathered her child after a one night stand. After the results of the paternity test became apparent, an acquaintance of Caddis stated to the Daily Record, “He was taken for a ride by this girl, who was only interested in his money and fame. She told him there was no chance it could be anyone else.”

Paternity Test – Star in the Making

Paul Caddis, the Celtic football player is tipped to be a future star for the Scotland national team and has already appeared for the Scottish U21 team. According to the report in the Daily Record, he aimed to honorable thing when it came to the baby’s future and he paid for the paternity test to ensure that the child was his. The results of the paternity test, however, disclosed the fact that the child couldn’t possibly be his due to differences in DNA make-up. Speaking to the Daily Record, the acquaintance of Paul Caddis stated, “The whole thing has been like an episode of the Jeremy Kyle show. Paul was adamant he would do the right thing if the baby was his.” Caddis decided to have the paternity test after McIntosh’s claims of his fatherhood coincided with the player making his Champions League debut for Celtic and when his performance was singled out for praise.

Paternity Test - Celebrity Quarrels

Liz Hurley may now be happily married, but just a few years ago her family life was plagued by a Paternity Test.

When it comes to a paternity test and paternity rows, it can be a bitter affair - especially when the rows are taking place in a very public arena. The price of fame means your love life is always going to be under microscopic attention. Liz Hurley was in the news five years ago when she claimed playboy Steve Bing was the father of her son Damian.

Steve Bing's Second Paternity Test

Steve Bing found himself in another paternity test row after he was named the father of a girl in what was dubbed the world's most expensive child support case. Perhaps because Bing is one of the wealthiest people in California, proving paternity means millions of pounds are at stake. But paternity tests don't lie, and the television producer was identified as the father of Kira Kerkorian. At the time in 2002, Kira was just four years old, but the paternity test has had a massive impact on the rest of her life. The child's mother demanded an incredible £223,000 a month in maintenance for the child.

Paternity Test for the Rich and Famous

When such money is at stake it's no wonder a paternity test can become such a bitter and heated affair. Steve Bing was at the time of the case already waiting for another paternity test to be carried out to find out if he was the father of Hurley's baby son Damian.

Heir to a Fortune

Being the offspring of the incredibly wealthy can become a ruthless battle for money. It's estimated that Bing's daughter will become heir to a part of his £280 million fortune and that Bing will pay thousands in child support. The paternity test against Bing was done against his wishes when private detectives took a strand of dental floss from his dustbins in order to match his DNA with that of the child.

Paternity Test Match

The paternity test showed a match that made it 99.993% certain that Bing was the girl's father. The incredible sum of money that was demanded for child support was down to the fact the girl needed to be 'kept in the manner to which she had become accustomed'. This included a bill for over £4,000 a month on trips to restaurants.

Paternity Test - Boris Becker Boosted German Demand

Paternity Test On TV - Boris Becker Boosted German Demand

Boris Becker became famous for playing tennis, but he also became equally famous for a brief encounter with a Russian model in a broom cupboard. A bitter court case ensued that was finally settled with a paternity test. Becker inadvertently did a lot for boosting the popularity of the paternity test in Germany.

Paternity Test Boom in Germany

As a result, Oliver Geissen, one of Germany's biggest TV celebrities hosted a lunchtime show that attracted 1.3m viewers, because of its use of the paternity test. The show read out the results of each paternity test on air Jerry Springer-style. At the time, it was estimated that about 10% of German babies were the result of adulterous affairs.

Paternity Test - High Profile Paternity Suits

High profile paternity suits involving celebrities such as Boris Becker, who initially denied he fathered a baby in the cupboard of a London restaurant, have certainly boosted demand for a paternity test. In 2001, Becker finally admitted paternity after a paternity test showed he was undisputedly the father of the child in question. The child was a result of a liaison with Angela Ermakova, a Russian model, in the broom cupboard of a London restaurant. The Wimbledon champion denied paternity until the results of the paternity test, which Becker had himself sought. As a result of the paternity test, Becker agreed to take responsibility and pay child maintenance for his daughter.

Paternity Test - Child Maintenance

The outcome of the paternity test meant Angela Ermakova would receive financial help bringing up the child. The paternity test disputes and affair clearly had a devastating impact on all involved. Becker's wife Barbara divorced the tennis star a month before the paternity test results were revealed and won a million-dollar settlement in court, and custody of their two sons.

All Day Drinking Binge

Becker blamed the affair with the model on a drinking session. He told reporters that his defeat by Pat Rafter in the 1999 Wimbledon championship sent him on a drinking binge that led to the broom cupboard encounter. Despite denying the sexual act that led to his daughter's birth, an act that was said to have lasted five seconds, a paternity test proved that he was without doubt the girl's father. “It wasn't even an affair," Becker said in a TV interview, “It was an act that lasted five seconds. I never saw her before and never saw her again afterwards… It's a mistake that is going to haunt me for the rest of my life.”